Friday, November 9, 2018

Finishing off the verbs. Oh, and also pronouns (Fantasy Friday #21)

gihginkho’ /gɪ̃˨gĩ˦nq͡χɔ̃˞ʔ/ “don’t tell him/her/it!”
gih- (pronomial prefix) imperative: “you—him/her/it”
gin (verb) “tell”
-kho’ (rover suffix) “don’t!”

choginkho’choygh /t͡ʃɔ̃˞gĩ˦nq͡χɔ̃˞ʔt͡ʃõĩɣ/ “if you won’t tell me”; “if you refuse to tell me”
cho- (pronomial prefix) “you—me”
gin (verb) “tell”
-kho’ (rover suffix) “won’t”
-choygh (syntactic suffix) “if”

qihnoyrtoyrihtkho’ /xɪ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩrɪ̃˨tʰq͡χɔ̃˞ʔ/ “don’t be afraid to kill me!”
qih- (pronomial prefix) imperative: “you—me”
noyrtoy (verb) kill
-riht (volitive suffix)
-kho’ (rover suffix) “don’t!”

logtoyqi’moqliq /lɔ̃˞gtʰõĩxĩ˦ʔmɔ̃˞xlĩ˦x/ “it can destroy them” “it can cause them to undo their form”
∅ (pronomial prefix) “it—them”
logtoy (verb) “take form”
-qi’ (rover suffix) undo
-moq (causative suffix) “cause”
-liq (potentive suffix) “can; able”

nihginqi’choygh /nɪ̃˨gĩ˦nxĩ˦ʔt͡ʃõĩɣ/ “if you say the wrong thing”
nih- (pronomial prefix) “you”
gin (verb) “say”
-qi’ (rover suffix) undo
-choygh (syntactic suffix) “if”

nihginnuh’choygh /nɪ̃˨gĩ˦nːʌ̃˨ʔt͡ʃõĩɣ/ “if you don’t speak”
nih- (pronomial prefix) “you”
gin (verb) “say”
-nuh’ (rover suffix) “not”
-choygh (syntactic suffix) “if”

soyltoqi’ /ʂõĩltʰɔ̃˞xĩ˦ʔ/ “it is unfortunate” (suggests a turn of luck from good to bad)
∅ (pronomial prefix) “it—them”
soylto (verb) “be lucky; be fortunate”
-qi’ (rover suffix) undo

It is interesting that -qi’ always occurs right after the verb.  It is not known why orc grammarians insist on calling it a rover. It was felt best not to argue with orc tradition, however, so -qi’ is here classified as a rover.

gihnoliquoy’ /gɪ̃˨nɔ̃˞lĩ˦kʷõĩʔ/ “study him/her/it well”
gih- (pronomial prefix) imperative: “you—him/her/it”
noli (verb) “study”
-quoy’ (rover suffix) emphatic

noynoyrtoyquoy’nuh’ /nõĩnõĩrtʰõĩkʷõĩʔnʌ̃˨ʔ/ “they have not finished us off”
noy- (pronomial prefix) “they—us”
noyrtoy (verb) “kill”
-quoy’ (rover suffix) emphatic
-nuh’ (rover suffix) “not”

tihnoyrtoyrihtnuh’quoy’ /tʰɪ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩrɪ̃˨tʰnʌ̃˨ʔkʷõĩʔ/ “we are NOT afraid to kill you” (might be used after an enemy challenged the bravery of the speaker)
tihnoyrtoyrightquoy’nuh’ /tʰɪ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩrɪ̃˨tʰkʷõĩʔnʌ̃˨ʔ/ “we are not AFRAID to kill you” (might be followed by an explanation such as, “We are not willing to kill you because we require your services.”)
tihnoyrtoyquoy’rihtnuh’ /tʰɪ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩkʷõĩʔrɪ̃˨tʰnʌ̃˨ʔ/ “we are not afraid to KILL you” (used to emphasize killing, as opposed to some other form of punishment)
tih- (pronomial prefix) “we—you”
noyrtoy (verb) “kill”
-riht (volitive suffix) “afraid”
-nuh’ (rover suffix) “not”
-quoy’ (rover suffix) emphatic

As you may have noticed, there are no adjectives as such in Orcish. Those notions expressed as adjectives in English (such as “big” “tired”) are expressed by verbs in Orcish (“be big” “be tired”). A verb expressing a state or quality can be used immediately following a noun to modify that noun.

rinoy luhnkqoy /rĩ˦nõĩlʌ̃˨ᵑkxõĩ/ “tired child”
rinoy “child”
luhnkqoy “tired”

girquoymuhg tuhroy /gĩ˦rkʷõĩmʌ̃˨gtʰʌ̃˨rõĩ/ “big ships”
girquoymuhg “ships; vessels”
tuhroy “be big”

The rover suffix -quoy’ (emphatic) may follow verbs functioning adjectivally. In this usage, it is usually translated “very.’  Many other verb suffixes can be used similarly.

girquoymuhg tuhroyquoy’ /gĩ˦rkʷõĩmʌ̃˨gtʰʌ̃˨rõĩkʷõĩʔ/ “very big ships”
oyloy soylioynuh’quoy’ /õĩlõĩʂõĩlĩ˦õĩnʌ̃˨ʔkʷõĩʔ/ “a very unimportant day”

tirisoy /tʰĩ˦rĩ˦ʂõĩ/:  (verb) to be fine; to be acute; to be piercing
tilwoy /tʰĩ˦lwõĩ/:  (verb) to be late; to be last
toy /tʰõĩ/:  (noun) they; them (emphatic 3rd person plural inanimate pronoun)
tuhqui /tʰʌ̃˨kʷĩ˦/:  (noun) you; thou; thee (emphatic 2nd person intimate/familiar pronoun)
ingoy /ĩ˦ŋõĩ/:  (noun) top; highest point (only applied to shapes pointing upwards; refers primarily to position and could be used of tops relatively broad
ingwi /ĩ˦ŋwĩ˦/:  (noun) we; thou and I (emphatic 1st person dual inclusive pronoun)
isto /ĩ˦ʂtʰɔ̃˞/:  (noun) even the two of them (emphatic 3rd person dual pronoun; used for both animate and inanimate)
issi /ĩ˦ʂːĩ˦/:  (noun) he; she; it; they; ze (etc.) (emphatic 3rd person singular animate pronoun)
inkki /ĩ˦ᵑkːĩ˦/:  (noun) we (emphatic 1st person plural exclusive pronoun)
inti /ĩ˦ntʰĩ˦/:  (noun) they (emphatic 3rd person plural animate pronoun)
inqui /ĩ˦nkʷĩ˦/:  (noun) I, too (emphatic independent 1st person singular pronoun)
ilqui /ĩ˦lkʷĩ˦/:  (noun) even thou (emphatic 2nd person singular pronoun)
ilquoy /ĩ˦lkʷõĩ/:  (verb) to be all; to be whole; to be each; to be every; to be all of a particular group of things; (noun) all, the whole
ilgi /ĩ˦lgĩ˦/:  (noun) y’all (emphatic 2nd person plural familiar pronoun)
-quoy’ /.kʷõĩʔ/:  (rover suffix) emphatic; emphasizes or affirms whatever immediately precedes it
sintoy /ʂĩ˦ntʰõĩ/:  (verb) to be short
soy /ʂõĩ/:  (noun) it (emphatic 3rd person singular inanimate pronoun)
soynquoy /ʂõĩnkʷõĩ/:  (verb) to be lovely; to be fair; to be beautiful (referring to beauty that is due to lack of fault, or blemish)
soylin /ʂõĩlĩ˦n/:  (verb) to be happy; to be powerful
soyllioy /ʂõĩlːĩ˦õĩ/:  (verb) to be important; to be of the moment
-qi’ /.xĩ˦ʔ/:  (rover suffix) undo (implies not merely that something is not done, but that there is a change of state ~ something that was previously done is now undone; it is close to the English prefixes “mis-”, “de-”, “dis-”, as in “misunderstand”, “demystify”, “disentangle”); also used if something is done wrongly.
khirinkoy /q͡χĩ˦rĩ˦ᵑkõĩ/:  (verb) to be ready to hand; to be (quickly) available
-kho’ /.q͡χɔ̃˞ʔ/:  (rover suffix) don’t!, won’t (used in imperatives and to denote refusal) (position does not change: it occurs last, unless followed by a syntactic suffix; considered a rover because it is the imperative counterpart to -nuh’)
khoyni /q͡χõĩnĩ˦/:  (verb) to be (cloud-)white
nki /ᵑkĩ˦/:  (noun) we; us (emphatic 1st person plural exclusive pronoun)
nkit /ᵑkĩ˦/:  (noun) we two; us two (emphatic 1st person dual exclusive pronoun)
nko /ᵑkɔ̃˞/:  (noun) one; someone; anyone (indefinite pronoun)
nkoroy /ᵑkɔ̃˞rõĩ/:  (verb) to be black
nkoy /ᵑkõĩ/:  (noun) something, a thing (neuter personal pronoun)
nkwinqui /ᵑkwĩ˦nkʷĩ˦/:  (verb) to be sorry; to weep
girquoy /gĩ˦rkʷõĩ/:  (noun) a (sharp-prowed) ship
nowgoy /naugõĩ/:  (verb) to be hard; to be hardened; to be stunted; to be shortened; to be dwarf(ed) (applied to things that though in themselves full-grown are smaller or shorter than their kind, and are hard, twisted or ill-shapen; (noun) dwarf
oyrinquoy /õĩrĩ˦nkʷõĩ/:  (verb) to be in or related to the morning; to be early
rqui /r̩̩kʷĩ˦/:  (noun) other person; pronoun for a 3rd person entering account who is not subject of the original verb (may then also be used as subject to in a following sentence)
royr /rõĩr/:  (verb) to be local; to be near; to be nearby
rroyioy /rːõĩ˦ːõĩ/:  (verb) to be easy
raigoy /raigõĩ/:  (verb) to be crooked; to be bent; to be wrong
lqui /l̩kʷĩ˦/:  (noun) thou/thee; you (emphatic 2nd person singular formal/polite pronoun)
loytin /lõĩtʰĩ˦n/:  (verb) to be open; to be free; to be cleared (of land) (used to speak of freedom of movement, of things not encumbered with obstacles)
loytoy /lõĩtʰõĩ/:  (verb) to be open; to be not closed
luhnkqoy /lʌ̃˨ᵑkxõĩ/:  (verb) to be tired; to be weary

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