Orcish does not express tenses (past, present, future). These ideas come across from context or other words in the sentence (such as inwoy “tomorrow”). The language does, however, indicate aspect: whether an action is completed or not yet completed, and whether an action is a single event or a continuing one. The absence of an aspectual suffix usually means that the action is not completed and is not continuous (that is, it is not one of the things indicated by the aspectual suffixes). Verbs with no aspectual suffix are translated by the English simple present tense.
nkigin /ᵑkĩ˦gĩ˦n/ “you see him/her/it”
quiquit /kʷĩ˦kʷĩ˦tʰ/ “I tell you”
When the context is appropriate, verbs without an aspectual suffix may be translated by the English future tense (“will”), but the real feeling of the Orcish is closer to English sentences such as “We fly tomorrow at dawn,” where the present-tense verb refers to an event in the future.
jihkhunkliq /d͡ʒɪ̃˨q͡χʌ̃˨ᵑklĩ˦x/ “I can sleep”
choginliq /t͡ʃɔ̃˞gĩ˦nlĩ˦x/ “you can see me”
noynoyrtoyliq /nõĩnõĩrtʰõĩlĩ˦x/ “he/she/it can kill us”
jihroynquoychoy’ /d͡ʒɪ̃˨rõĩnkʷõĩt͡ʃõĩʔ/ “I understand perfectly”
roytoy oyntoychoy’ /rõĩtʰõĩõĩntʰõĩt͡ʃõĩʔ/ “he/she/it threw the spear” (lit. “gave the spear”)
luhstoynuhj /lʌ̃˨ʂtʰõĩnʌ̃˨d͡ʒ/ “it is undoubtedly empty”
noytuhruhnuhj /nõĩtʰʌ̃˨rʌ̃˨nʌ̃˨d͡ʒ/ “he/she/it is certainly controlling us”
luhstoylis /lʌ̃˨ʂtʰõĩlĩ˦ʂ/ “it appears to be empty” “I think it’s empty”
noytuhruhlis /nõĩtʰʌ̃˨rʌ̃˨lĩ˦ʂ/ “he/she/it seems to be controlling us” “I suspect that he/she/it is controlling us”
nkigintoy’ /ᵑkĩ˦gĩ˦ntʰõĩʔ/ “you have seen him/her/it”
nkihnkirtoy’ /ᵑkɪ̃˨ᵑkĩ˦rtʰõĩʔ/ “I wanted them”
quiquittoy’ /kʷĩ˦kʷĩ˦tːʰõĩʔ/ “I told you”
rihnitti’ /rɪ̃˨nĩ˦tːʰĩ˦ʔ/ “I have acquired it”
luhnoyrtoyti’ /lʌ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩtʰĩ˦ʔ/ “they have killed him/her/it” (could not be used if the killing were the result of a general attack not intended to kill a specific person or if the killing were an accident)
luhnoyrtoytoy’ /lʌ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩtʰõĩʔ/ “they have killed him/her/it” (used if the killing were the result of a general attack not intended to kill a specific person or if the killing were an accident)
luhnoyrtoy tuhluhtiq /lʌ̃˨nõĩrtʰõĩtʰʌ̃˨rʌ̃˨tʰĩ˦x/ “they have killed him/her/it” (used when the death is a fait accompli)
rihnit tuhluhtiq /rɪ̃˨nĩ˦tːʰʌ̃˨rʌ̃˨tʰĩ˦x/ “I have purchased it” (used when it is done, and it cannot be undone)
noylilquoytiq /nõĩlĩ˦lkʷõĩtʰĩ˦x/ “it is approaching us”
gihlilquoytiq /gɪ̃˨lĩ˦lkʷõĩtʰĩ˦x/ “steady on course!” “maintain this course!”
gihuhs /gɪ̃˨ʌ̃˨ʂ/ “execute an evasive maneuver!” (to be executed once only)
gihuhstiq /gɪ̃˨ʌ̃˨ʂtʰĩ˦x/ “take evasive action!” (a series of maneuvers is to be executed)
tingwoy /tʰĩ˦ŋwõĩ/: (verb) to read (written matter)
tilittoy /tʰĩ˦lĩ˦tːʰõĩ/: (verb) to be silver-colored
tilinknoy /tʰĩ˦lĩ˦ᵑknõĩ/: (verb) to be made of silver
-tiq /.tʰĩ˦x/: (aspectual suffix) continuous; indicates an action is ongoing
-ti’ /.tʰĩ˦ʔ/: (aspectual suffix) accomplished; done; used when
an activity was deliberately undertaken, the implication being that
someone set out to do something and in fact did it; English translations
seldom reveal the distinction
-toy’ /.tʰõĩʔ/: (aspectual suffix) perfective; indicates that
an action is completed; often translated by the English present perfect
(“have done something”)
tuhquoyl /tʰʌ̃˨kʷõĩl/: (verb) to play
tuhruh /tʰʌ̃˨rʌ̃˨/: (verb) to wield; to control; to govern; to master; to defeat; to have victory over; to conquer; to win
tuhluh /tʰʌ̃˨lʌ̃˨/: (verb) to be finished; to be ended; to be
the last thing or person in a series or sequence of events (and, yes,
Orcish poetry makes good use of tuhruh and tuhluh sounding so similar)
tuhluhtiq /tʰʌ̃˨lʌ̃˨tʰĩ˦x/:
(verb form) it continues to be finished; it remains accomplished; used
to indicate that the action denoted by the preceding verb; is a fait
accompli: it is done, and it cannot be undone; the English translations
of tuhluhtiq and -ti’ are usually the same. The notion of absolute
finality implied by tuhluhtiq seldom comes across; sometimes used for
dramatic effect, even in cases when the action could be undone.
inwoy /ĩ˦nwõĩ/: (adverb) tomorrow
quistoy /kʷĩ˦ʂtʰõĩ/: (verb) to start; to begin
quir /kʷĩ˦r/: (verb) to turn (something)
quillo /kʷĩ˦lːɔ̃˞/: (verb) to call
quoyntquoy /kʷõĩntʰkʷõĩ/: (verb) to add; to augment
soys /ʂõĩʂ/: (verb) to believe (that statements, reports,
traditions, etc. are true); to accept as fact (not used with a person as
object in the sense of believing that this person tells the truth; with
a noun, name or corresponding pronoun as object, implies “I believe
that he/she/it really exists/existed”; to “believe in” someone meaning
“believe that (s)he tells the truth” can be paraphrased by means of
constructions like “I believe in Ilissoyr’s words” (lit. speaking))
soynkoy /ʂõĩᵑkõĩ/: (verb) to protect; to keep
owtoy /autʰõĩ/: (verb) to go away; to leave; to be gone; to be lost; to vanish; to depart; to die; to be past and over
khinquoy /q͡χĩ˦nkʷõĩ/: (verb) to do a thing; to make a thing (with fine work); to work
khil /q͡χĩ˦l/: (verb) to feel; to have an impulse
khilnki /q͡χĩ˦lᵑkĩ˦/: (noun) feeling; impulse; emotion
-choy’ /.t͡ʃõĩʔ/: (qualificatory suffix) clearly; perfectly
nkowri /ᵑkaurĩ˦/: (verb) to need
nkoynquoy /ᵑkõĩnkʷõĩ/: (verb) to bless; to help; to afford
grace; to wish that (something) be blessed; to wish that (something) be
helped; to wish that (something) be afforded grace
nkoyror /ᵑkõĩrõĩ/: (verb) to be good; to be useful; to be fit; to be liked (the one who likes receives the -rink suffix and the one liked is the subject of the sentence; despite being a passive construction, it’s often best translated actively: “A likes B”)
nit /nĩ˦tʰ/: (verb) to get; to acquire; to purchase
noyrtoy /nõĩrtʰõĩ/: (verb) to slay; to kill; to destroy
-nuhj /.nʌ̃˨d͡ʒ/: (qualificatory suffix) certainly; undoubtedly
oyntoy /õĩntʰõĩ/: (verb) to give; sometimes with an ironic tone to refer to missiles (usually the recipient of the thing given is given the -rink or -nkig suffixes, but there is also a construction similar to English “present someone with something” in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears with the suffix -mo')
roytoy /rõĩtʰõĩ/: (noun) spear
roynquoy /rõĩnkʷõĩ/: (verb) to understand; to know about; to be skilled in dealing with
-lis /.lĩ˦ʂ/: (qualificatory suffix) seemingly; apparently; expresses any uncertainty on the speaker’s part; I think; I suspect
-liq /.lĩ˦x/: (potentive suffix) can; able
loys /lõĩʂ/: (verb) to yield; to allow; to grant; to let
luhstoy /lʌ̃˨ʂtʰõĩ/: (verb) to be empty); (noun) void
uhs /ʌ̃˨ʂ/: (verb) to escape; to dodge; to avoid; to evade
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