In order to demonstrate how Orcish noun suffixes are ordered relative to each other, here are some examples of nouns with two or more suffixes:
loynkoyqommuhgquhglihjmo’ /lõĩᵑkõĩxɔ̃˞mːʌ̃˨gxʌ̃˨glɪ̃˨d͡ʒmɔ̃˞ʔ/ “due to your apparent minor errors”
loynkoy (noun) “error”
-qom (augmentative/diminutive) diminutive
-muhg (numerical) plural
-xom (qualificatory) “apparent”
-lihj (possessive/specificative) “your”
-mo’ (syntactical) “due to”
nkoyrqomsihjnkig /ᵑkõĩrxɔ̃˞mʂɪ̃˨d͡ʒᵑkĩ˦g/ “in my room”
nkoyr (noun) “room”
-qom (augmentative/diminutive) diminutive
-sihj (possessive/specificative) “my”
-nkig (syntactical) locative
oyroyntoy’quonkchij /õĩrõĩntʰõĩʔkʷɔ̃˞ᵑkt͡ʃĩ˦d͡ʒ/ “their so-called kings”
oyroyn (noun) “king”
-toy’ (numerical) plural
-quonk (qualificatory) “so-called”
-chij (possessive/specificative) “their”
nkoynkoy’sihjnkig /ᵑkõĩᵑkõĩʔʂɪ̃˨d͡ʒᵑkĩ˦g/ “at my hands”
nkoy (noun) “hand”
-nkoy’ (numerical) plural
-sihj (possessive/specificative) “my”
-nkig (syntactical) locative
luhnkiqom’uh’ /lʌ̃˨ᵑkĩ˦xɔ̃˞mʔʌ̃˨ʔ/ “the truce” (as topic)
luhnki (noun) time
-qom (augmentative/diminutive) diminutive
-’uh’ (syntactical) topic
When the noun-noun construction is used to show possession, only the second noun can take syntactic suffixes. Both nouns, however, may take suffixes of the other four types. For example:
goyrnkoyrim kholi /gõĩrᵑkõĩrĩ˦mq͡χɔ̃˞lĩ˦/ “secret of this weapon”
goyrnkoy (noun) “weapon”
-rim (possessive/specificative) “this”
kholi (noun) “secret”
gotuhnknotoy’ norimuhgnkig /gɔ̃˞tʰʌ̃˨ᵑknɔ̃˞tʰõĩʔnɔ̃˞rĩ˦mʌ̃˨gᵑkĩ˦g/ “at/to the enemies’ lands”
gotuhnkno (noun) “enemy”
-toy’ (numerical) plural
nori (noun) “land”
-muhg (numerical) plural
-nkig (syntactical) locative
rinoysih’ nkoynkoy’ /rĩ˦nõĩʂɪ̃˨ʔᵑkõĩʔ/ “my child’s hands”
rinoy (noun) “child”
-sih’ (possessive/specificative) “my”
nkoy (noun) “hand”
-nkoy’ (numerical) plural
English prepositional phrases are also rendered in Orcish by this noun-noun construction. Prepositional concepts such as above and below are actually nouns in Orcish, best translated as “area above,” “area below,” etc. The locative suffix follows the second noun. For example:
nis ornkig /nĩ˦ʂɔ̃˞rᵑkĩ˦g/ “above the woman”
nis (noun) “woman”
or (noun) “area above”
-nkig (syntactical) locative
More literally, this is “at the area above the woman” or “at the woman's above-area.”
Orcish verbs may be accompanied by several affixes. As with Orcish nouns, Orcish verbs may take suffixes falling into a number of types based on their relative position following the verb. There are nine of these types. Unlike Orcish nouns, Orcish verbs may take prefixes. The structure of an Orcish verb is:
pronouns—VERB—reflexive--volition--change--cause--potential--qualification--aspect--honorific--syntactic
Each Orcish verb begins with a single prefix that indicates who or what is performing the action described by the verb and, when relevant, who or what is the recipient of that action. In other words, Klingon verb prefixes indicate both the subject and the object of the sentence. Third-person subjects with either no subject or third-person plural objects, and third-person singular subjects with third-person singular objects, are marked by the lack of a prefix. First-person subjects with first-person objects and second-person subjects with second-person objects cannot be expressed with prefixes in Orcish; suffixes and/or pronouns must be used in those sentences.
tigsi /tʰĩ˦gʂĩ˦/: (noun) dot; tiny mark; point
tolgoy /tʰɔ̃˞lgõĩ/: (noun) pig
Tolgooynkillitoy’ /tʰɔ̃˞lgõːĩːᵑkĩ˦lːĩ˦tʰõĩʔ/: (noun) the Sow Mothers
Tolgooynkillitoy’rin /tʰɔ̃˞lgõːĩːᵑkĩ˦lːĩ˦tʰõĩʔrĩ˦n/: (noun) orc (literally, “child of the Sow Mothers”)
toy- /tʰõĩ./: (pronomial prefix) second-person plural subject with first-person singular object
tih- /tʰɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) first-person plural subject with second-person singular object
issi /ĩ˦ʂːĩ˦/: (noun) name; person as a whole, body and soul.
qui- /kʷĩ˦./: (pronomial prefix) first-person singular subject with second-person singular object
osto /ɔ̃˞ʂtʰɔ̃˞/: (noun) a strong or fortified building or place, strong place, fortress; city, town with wall round
ostoqom /ɔ̃˞ʂtʰɔ̃˞xɔ̃˞m/: (noun) town
or /ɔ̃˞r/: (noun) area above
si- /ʂĩ˦./: (pronomial prefix) first-person singular subject with second-person plural object
soy- /ʂõĩ./: (pronomial prefix) second-person plural subject with no object or when the object is possible, but unknown or vague
soynquoy /ʂõĩᵑkʷõĩ/: (noun) fact; truth
sih- /ʂɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) first-person plural subject with third-person singular object
mi- /mĩ˦./: (pronomial prefix) first-person plural subject with no object or when the object is possible, but unknown or vague
-mo’ /.mɔ̃˞ʔ/: (syntactical marker) due to; because of
moy- /mõĩ./: (pronomial prefix) third-person subject with first-person singular object
kholi /q͡χɔ̃˞lĩ˦/: (noun) secrecy; a secret
cho- /t͡ʃɔ̃˞./: (pronomial prefix) second-person singular subject with first-person singular object
chuh- /t͡ʃʌ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) second-person plural subject with first-person plural object
nki- /ᵑkĩ˦./: (pronomial prefix) second-person singular subject with third-person object
-nkig /.ᵑkĩ˦g/: (syntactical marker) indicates that something is happening (or has happened or will happen) in the vicinity of the noun to which it is attached. It is normally translated by the English prepositions “to, in, at, on.”
nkoy- /ᵑkõĩ./: (pronomial prefix) third-person singular subject with second-person singular object
nkoy /ᵑkõĩ/: (noun) hand
nkoyquoy /ᵑkõĩkʷõĩ/: (noun) a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closed [hand] (facing down) for taking; group; hand as a limb
nkoylli /ᵑkõĩlːĩ˦/: (noun) road; street
nkih- /ᵑkɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) first-person plural subject with third-person plural object
gotuhnkno /gɔ̃˞tʰʌ̃˨ᵑknɔ̃˞/: (noun) enemy
goyr /gõĩr/: (noun) head
goyrnkoy /gõĩrᵑkõĩ/: (noun) tool; weapon
joy- /d͡ʒõĩ./: (pronomial prefix) second-person singular subject with first-person plural object
jih- /d͡ʒɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) first-person singular subject with no object or when the object is possible, but unknown or vague
nis /nĩ˦ʂ/: (noun) woman
no- /nɔ̃˞./: (pronomial prefix) second-person plural subject with third-person object
noti /nɔ̃˞tʰĩ˦/: (noun) number
nori /nɔ̃˞rĩ˦/: (noun) country; land (associated with a particular people); dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan; native land, nation, family (in compounds -nor)
norolli /nɔ̃˞rɔ̃˞lːĩ˦/: (noun) cart
noli /nɔ̃˞lĩ˦/: (noun) school; long study (of any subject), lore, knowledge; wisdom; (verb) to study
noy- /nõĩ./: (pronomial prefix) third-person subject with first-person plural object
nih- /nɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) second-person singular subject with no object or when the object is possible, but unknown or vague; third-person singular object with second-person singular object
oystoy /õĩʂtʰõĩ/: (noun) month; part; division, especially into equal parts
oynkilli /õĩᵑkĩ˦lːĩ˦/: (noun) mother
oynlo /õĩnlɔ̃˞/: (noun) door; gate
oyroyn /õĩrõĩn/: (noun) king; chief
-rink /.rĩ˦ᵑk/: (syntactical marker) indicates that the noun to which it is attached is in some way the beneficiary of the action, the person or thing for whom or for which the activity occurs.
-ro’ /.rɔ̃˞ʔ/: (syntactical marker) similar to “-nkig” but is used only when action is in a direction away from the noun; often translated “from”
ruh- /rʌ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) first-person plural subject with second-person plural object
rih- /rɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) first-person singular subject with third-person object
loynkoy /lõĩᵑkõĩ/: (noun) mistake
luh- /lʌ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) third-person plural subject with third-person singular object
luhnkiqom /lʌ̃˨ᵑkĩ˦xɔ̃˞m/: (noun) moment
lih- /lɪ̃˨./: (pronomial prefix) third-person subject with second-person plural object
-’uh’ /.ʔʌ̃˨ʔ/: (syntactical marker) emphasizes that the noun to which it is attached is the topic of the sentence
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